PARADIGMA BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING DI PERGURUAN TINGGI
SUNARYO KARTADINATA UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA
Understanding the Higher Education Learner • The shift from secondary to higher education begins with a period of transition characterised by a lot more freedom • diversity in students’ entry socio-economic, cultural background and academic profiles differential in their behaviour patterns
Academic
Social
LEARNER CHARACTERISTICS
Psychological
LEARNING Emotional
Cultural
Race/Ethnic affiliation
Learner Characteristics Influencing Learning
influence
Psychosocial Factors in Student Learning
SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Family background Birth order Sibling position Family size Peer pressure Societal expectations School characteristics
Intelligence Motivation Self-concept Level of cognitive development Emotional state
STUDENT LEARNING
Physical Emotional Cognitive Psychomotor Affective
Need and Focus of Guidance and Counselling in Higher Education Need
Focus of Guidance and Counselling
To improve the internal efficiency of the system
Academic guidance for; - less able students thus reducing repetition, dropout and wastage - average students to sustain stability, and improve; - able students to enhance progress from one level (class) to the other.
to reduce/eliminate anti-social activities on campus
- Advice on social and academic clubs to join - counselling and dialogue on matters that can generate friction and students' unrest Counselling on emotional problems
To enhance career and job prospects of learners
- job and career advising - Relationship between course of study and world of work.
Guidance is/as: • a broad term that is applied to a school’s programme of activities and services • a process, developmental in nature, • an educational construct, involves those experiences, • as a programme of services to people based upon the need of each individual
Counseling... • Counselling is learning-oriented process which usually occurs in an interactive relationship with the aim of helping the person learn more: – about the self; – about others – about situations and events related to given issues and conditions – and also to learn to put such understanding to being an effective member of the society • Counselling is a process in which the helper expresses care and concern towards the person with a problem to facilitate that person's personal growth and positive change through selfunderstanding.
The major service areas of guidance and counselling are: • • •
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Educational guidance and counselling which assists students in their curriculum and school life choices. Vocational guidance which assists the individual to choose and prepare for an occupation that is compatible with his interests and aptitudes. Personal and social guidance which assists the individual to behave appropriately in relation to other members of the society. Counselling could be conceived as an interactive relationship between two or more persons that can take a variety of forms. It may address noneducational issues or even non-counselling concerns. Counselling should be seen as a service provided to normal individuals to assist them remove or cope with frustrations and obstacles that interfere with their development.
Guidance and Counselling in Teaching •
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guidance and counselling should address learners’ difficulties  t encompass the whole spectrum of student life  may have negative impact on the teaching/learning process. Counselling should probe what students’ difficulties are and then approach them systematically Diagnosing learning difficulties the lecturer should focus on the following aspects: Difficulties that arise during instruction: these may be related to the content, the lecturer or the way of presentation. Difficulties after instruction: these may be related to social activities of the student or they may be related to the facilities themselves.
Guidance and Counselling Activities at Three Points in Higher Education Guidance & Counselling at Point of Entry
Guidance & Counseling during the Course /Programme
Guidance Functions/Activities
Counselling Functions/Activities
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Orientation, Registration Choice of electives Familiarisation with important sites and locations on campus (library, dinning, health centre etc.) students unionism
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Advanced Effective study habits Intensive library use and search Course changes Strategies of keeping steady academically, socially etc. Test taking behaviours; examination behaviour etc
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Seeking a job Writing applications and gathering information about openings Interview attending skills Exit Orientation Steps and stages in getting clearance, etc.
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Guidance & Counselling on Exit
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Self understanding Individual counselling Understanding others including lecturers and significant others in the institution Group counselling in the three areas of academic, personal-social, career.
Relationships between courses/programmes subject selection and future plans Academic counselling in various forms Stabilising inter-personal relationships etc. The ethics of examinations
Life as a young graduate The realities of the world of work Frustrations of seeking for employment Coping with the labour market; Alternatives to paid employment etc.